TIP: To open notepad as an administrator, type ‘notepad’ in the search field in the start menu and press ctrl+shift+enter

Meta Refresh
Using this meta tag in your html page will Redirect the page after a given interval to to the address specified.

This code will redirect the page to ibnmasud.com after 5 seconds:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;url=http://ibnmasud.com" />
Setting the interval to 0 will redirect to ibnmasud.com immediately:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=http://ibnmasud.com" />
Disadvantages:

• Using the back button will take you back to the redirect page which will then redirect you again. Firefox, Opera, and Safari ignore this behavior and IE users can double-click the back button. Also referred to as “brokeback buttons”.
• Can easily be disabled on the client side. If disabled, the page will not redirect.

Javascript
Javascript gives you a lot more flexibility in redirecting pages.

Location.href Method
Including this script on a page will immediately redirect visitors to the URL entered. This method creates two items in the browsers history. One for the page including this script and one for the page that this page will redirect to.
<script type="text/javascript">
window.location.href="http://nsfw.ibnmasud.com/";
</script>
So it works the same way as a meta refresh in that it can lead you into a loop if you press the back button.

Location.replace Method
The Location.replace method solves the loop problem by replacing the content of the browsers history with the redirected page’s address, i.e, only one item is created in the browsers history.
<script type="text/javascript">
location.replace(\'http://www.example.com/');
</script>
Disadvantages:

• Google will not index pages redirected using javascript.
• Can easily be disabled on the client side. If disabled, the page will not redirect.

PHP
A basic permanent (301) redirect in PHP uses the code below:
<?PHP
// This header tells the client the HTTP status code of the page
header("HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently");
// The client must then be informed where the URI is now located
header("Location: http://www.example.com/example");
?>


Using .htaccess for Redirection

When using the Apache web server, directory-specific .htaccess files (as well as apache’s main configuration files) can be used. For example, to redirect a single page:

Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html

To change domain names:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^.*oldwebsite\.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.preferredwebsite.net/$1 [R=301,L]

Disadvantages:
Use of .htaccess for this purpose usually does not require administrative permissions, though it can be disabled.

1. Power up your computer.
2. Press ESC at the grub menu.
3. Press e for edit.
4. Highlight the line that begins “Ubuntu, KERNEL ………” and press e.
5. Go to the end of this line, add rw init=/bin/bash and press enter.
6. Press b to boot your system.
7. Your system will boot up to a passwordless root shell.
8. Type in passwd username where username is the username you lost the password for.
9. Set your password.
10. Type in reboot.

That is it! you can now log in using your new password. You can even reset your root password here but cannot login with it at the login screen.

Action	Shortcut	Alternate Shortcut
Cut	Ctrl+X	Del+Shift
Copy	Ctrl+C	Insert+Ctrl
Paste	Ctrl+V	Insert+Shift

These are kind of confusing so I’m sticking to the Ctrl+ shortcuts. For those who use different keyboard layouts like Dvorák the X, C and V keys are placed far apart and awkward to use. In such cases the alternate shortcuts maybe easier to use.